The uterus is the reproductive organ that contains and nourishes the embryo and fetus from the time a fertilized egg implants to the time the fetus is born. Hysterectomy is the surgical removal of the uterus via the abdominal wall or vagina.

Cancer of the uterus may be the primary cause of removal of the uterus. Other causes may include: endometriosis; uterine fibroids; chronic pelvic pain; dysfunctional uterine bleeding (DUB); hyperplasia, and hydatidiform mole in pregnancy.

Signs and symptoms may vary depending on the specific disease. The manifestations may include: abnormal menstrual periods; pain in the lower abdomen or back; abnormal bleeding patterns; fever; cramps; painful intercourse; infertility; or abnormal vaginal discharge, which may be pink, watery, or excessively malodorous. There may be a pelvic mass, enlarged uterus, or altered urinary and bowel function. In pregnancy, the uterus may enlarge too quickly.

A complete history, and physical and pelvic examinations may be indicated. Laboratory studies; papanicolaou (PAP) smear; colposcopy; laparoscopy; hysteroscopy; conization; dilatation and curettage (D&C); staging; or biopsy may be performed to determine the cause and severity of the disease. X-ray or ultrasonography, computed tomography (CT) scan, or magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) may aid in the diagnosis.

Depending on the cause, surgery may be indicated if conservative treatments and drug therapy fails. Radiation or chemotherapy may be needed in conjunction with surgery to treat cancer. Hormonal therapy may also be used after surgery.

In the event of cancer, there is potential for recurrence or metastasis post-operatively. There may be social isolation, sexual dysfunction, infertility, and self-esteem issues. In addition, there may be residual complications of surrounding organs and multiple side effects from radiation therapy. Artificial menopause may be induced with cancer treatments. Long-term hormone therapy may be indicated. Counseling, psychotherapy, and support groups may be indicated to assist the patient in dealing with the diagnosis.